IIIV, i3 Verticals Inc.

Will it survive?

• Can it pay its interest? —
  No meaningful interest burden
  Little or no interest expense reported
  What this means

  Little or no interest expense reported, the business isn't leaning on lenders to operate.

• How heavy is the debt, net of cash? +$67M
  Net cash, debt-free
  Cash $67M − debt $0
  What this means

  Cash and short-term investments exceed every dollar of debt by $67M, on net the company owes nothing, and can act from strength when others can't. Net debt is the leverage figure that matters: the cash is already set against the debt. Strategic or illiquid investments aren't counted here.

• How long is cash tied up? —
  Not enough data
  What this means

  The filing data didn't include the inputs for this check.

Is it a good business?

• Return on invested capital 1%
  Below average through the cycle
  8-yr median, range -4%–13%; 1% latest = NOPAT $3M ÷ invested capital $323M
  Industry peers: median -12%
  What this means

  The rate the business earns on the money tied up in it, Buffett's north star, because over time a stock tracks the ROIC beneath it. Above ~15% sustained hints at a moat; a return below the cost of capital (~8%) erodes value as a business grows rather than building it — the test Buffett weighs most. The headline is the median of the last 8 years (it ran 1% most recently), so one peak or trough year doesn't set the verdict. Asset-light businesses (R&D expensed, little capital) read artificially high, pair this with Owner Earnings.

• Owner-earnings margin 10%
  Solid through the cycle
  10-yr median margin, range 2%–24%; latest $4M = operating cash $6M − maintenance capex $2M
  Industry peers: median 5%
  What this means

  What an owner could take out without starving the business: operating cash less the maintenance capital it must spend to hold its position — Buffett's owner earnings. That's 2% of revenue this year, a 10% median across 10 years. Treating stock comp as the real expense it is (less $18M of SBC) leaves ($15M).

• Are earnings backed by cash? 0.32×
  Thinly cash-backed
  Cash from ops $6M ÷ net income $18M
  What this means

  How much of reported profit showed up as operating cash. Above 1× is reassuring; well below suggests earnings lean on accruals. One year is noisy, growth and working-capital swings distort it, and this is operating cash, not free cash. Watch the multi-year trend.

How is the cash used?

• Where do the earnings go? 1002%
  Returned more than it generated
  Dividends + buybacks $38M ÷ Owner Earnings $4M — this fiscal year
  What this means

  The company returned more than it generated: against $4M of Owner Earnings, $38M (1002%) went back to shareholders, $0 dividends, $38M buybacks — the excess came from the balance sheet or borrowing, not the year's operations. Net of $18M stock comp, the real buyback was about $19M. Sustained, that pattern draws down cash or adds debt; the net-debt line above shows where it stands. This year's proportion is 1002%; across the record (2016–2025) it is 15%, the capital-allocation section below.

• Investing or harvesting? 0.07×
  Harvesting
  Capex $2M ÷ depreciation & amortization as filed $28M
  What this means

  Descriptive, not a grade. Above ~1× means investing faster than assets wear out (growth, or, sustained for years, today's earnings carrying less depreciation than tomorrow's will). Below means spending less than it's wearing out (efficiency, or a melting asset base). The ratio won't tell you which; the filings will.

The promise and the pay packet

• Is the buyback buying ownership, or mopping up? 8.6%
  Stock pay, share count unread
  Stock compensation $18M (fiscal 2025), 8.6% of revenue · repurchases $38M · the share count is not comparable across these years (a split or a first listing sits in the record), so the drift is withheld
  What this means

  Stock handed to employees is a real cost paid in the owner's own currency: it is charged against profit, but the shares it creates are permanent. Many companies repurchase stock at the same time, which looks like a return of capital and often is not — if the count barely moves, the cash merely cancelled the pay packet and bought the owner nothing. The three states worth telling apart are a count genuinely shrinking, a count standing still despite large repurchases, and a count rising because the issuance was never offset at all.

Graham’s defensive tests · 1 of 4 met

Graham’s numerical criteria for the defensive investor (The Intelligent Investor, ch. 14), run on the filings. A floor of safety, not a buy signal; many fine modern businesses fail his strictest liquidity rules by design.

• Adequate size Miss
  Revenue ≥ $2B · $213M
  What this means

  Big enough to weather a storm. Graham's 1972 floor was ~$100M of sales (≈ $700M today); we use a $2B revenue line as a conservative modern stand-in.

• Strong liquidity Near
  Current ratio ≥ 2× · 1.95×
  What this means

  Current assets at least twice current liabilities, near-term bills covered without touching the business. Strict by design: many cash-rich modern firms run leaner and miss it, holding their cushion in longer-dated securities.

• Conservative debt Pass
  Debt ≤ working capital · $0 vs $67M WC
  What this means

  Graham's rule that borrowings not exceed net current assets. Capital-heavy and buyback-heavy firms routinely fail it, read it next to interest coverage, not alone.

• Earnings stability Miss
  A profit every year (10-yr record) · 7 loss years
  What this means

  Graham wanted earnings in each of the past ten years, the stability a defensive owner leans on.

• Dividend record —
  Uninterrupted dividends · no dividend line tagged in the data
  What this means

  An unbroken dividend was Graham's mark of durability. This record carries no dividends-paid line in any year — common for partnerships, whose distributions file under tags the chain doesn't read — so the criterion is withheld rather than judged on silence.

• Earnings growth —
  Earnings +33% over the record · —
  What this means

  Earnings were negative early in the record, a growth rate isn't meaningful.

• Moderate price —
  P/E ≤ 15 and P/E × P/B ≤ 22.5 · decided by the price
  What this means

  Graham's valuation gate, the wall he kept between a sound business and a sound investment. Three-year average earnings are $2.01/share (latest year $0.83), the averaged base the calculator's gate runs on, and book value is $18.00/share. Enter a price in “What the price implies” just below for the P/E, P/B, and whether it clears. But this is the rule Buffett outgrew: there's no hard P/E law, and a wonderful business can deserve a far richer multiple if the thesis holds, treat it as the bargain-hunter's floor, not a verdict on the price.

Durability & moat, 2016–2025

Whether the record’s returns held, and what the capital reinvested earned.

• Profitable years 3 of 10
  What this means

  Lost money in 7 year(s), look at what happened there before trusting the average.

• Return on capital ≥ 15% 0 of 8 yrs
  What this means

  A moat shows up as a high return on invested capital that holds year after year, not one good vintage.

• Operating margin 3% → 1% (3-yr avg ends)
  What this means

  Through the cycle the operating margin slipped — about 3% early to 1% lately, median 2% — competition or costs are biting in.

• Reinvestment, incremental ROIC −2%
  What this means

  Reinvested capital came back at a negative incremental return over this window — the invested base grew while operating profit did not. The filings show where it went.

• Owner earnings growth +13%/yr
  What this means

  Owner earnings grew about 13% a year over the record.

• Worst year 2022 · −12.3% op. margin
  What this means

  Operations went underwater in 2022, understand why before trusting the good years.

• Share count +2.7%/yr
  What this means

  The share count is rising, dilution works against you on a per-share basis.